Published in Networks & Security

·Feb 8

WAN topologies: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tiered

We’ll look at how different WAN sites are connected to each other. Topology belongs to the layer 1 domain of the OSI model. WAN topologies are similar to LAN topologies but with little differences. WAN topologies cover a larger area, have a larges user base. The connection links between WAN…

Networking

2 min read

WAN topologies: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tiered

Published in Networks & Security

·Feb 3

MPLS — Multiprotocol Label Switching (2.5 layer protocol)

I have posted about Circuit Switching & Packet Switching — I’ll link them at them bottom. Do give it a read, if you’re unfamiliar. Let’s look at an example to understand how IP packets travel over the internet — Suppose, an IP packet is sent from Mumbai to Kansas. Let’s assume the destination IP to be 202.35.109.56 As it travels over the internet, many routers…

Networking

2 min read

MPLS — Multiprotocol Label Switching (2.5 layer protocol)

Published in Networks & Security

·Jan 28

Bandwidth, throughput, and speed

Don’t use these words interchangeably like the average Joe. Bandwidth It refers to the maximum amount of data transfer per second. Usage in a sentence: Gigabit Ethernet provides a bandwidth up to 1 Gbps. In this case it means the capability of the connection. But, bandwidth also means a range of…

Engineering

2 min read

Published in Networks & Security

·Jan 25

Difference between Ethernet and Wi-Fi

To tell any two modes of communication, the 2 layers of the OSI model of importance are the Physical Layer (I) and the Data Link Layer (II). Generally, these layers determine the level of speed, reliability and security. Physical Layer is about signaling format, topology, and media of transmission. Topology…

Network Security

3 min read

Published in Networks & Security

·Jan 24

DSSS — Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum

DSSS is one of the most popular modulation and transmission methods in wireless communications. FHSS — Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum When you listen to your favorite radio station or watch your favorite TV channel, you tune-in to a specific channel…medium.com Just like FHSS, DSSS also uses spread spectrum technology. The concept of spread spectrum — narrow band signals are intentionally spread over a much wider band.

Electronics

3 min read

Published in Networks & Security

·Jan 22

FHSS — Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

When you listen to your favorite radio station or watch your favorite TV channel, you tune-in to a specific channel. This is a traditional narrow-band radio and TV communications. 3 problems arise with this type of communication: Interference Jamming Interception In wireless communication, interference and jamming slow down the transmission…

3 min read

FHSS — Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Published in Networks & Security

·Jul 31, 2021

WI-FI (2.4GHz vs 5GHz bands)

2.4GHz band — The 2.4GHz band frequency ranges from 2.4GHz-2.4835GHz and is used by 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g. The band is divided into 14 fixed-frequency channels, each being 20MHz wide. The gap between adjacent channels is 5MHz wide, and these channels have many overlaps. Thus, only 3 channels can be active at the same…

Wifi

2 min read

Published in Networks & Security

·Jul 30, 2021

The Evolution of IEEE 802 11 standards — BAG NAC

IEEE standards refer to the set of layer 1 and layer 2 specifications for a WLAN. The first version was released in 1997, and 6 different versions have been brought since then. — 1) 802.11a, 2) 802.11b, 3) 802.11g, 4) 802.11n, 5) 802.11ac, and 6) 802.11ad Collectively these standards are known as wireless fidelity (WI-FI). All these standards are similar in 3 aspects: They use half-duplex signaling. That means a device can either transmit or receive, but not perform both simultaneously.

Networking

1 min read

The Evolution of IEEE 802 11 standards — BAG NAC

IEEE standards refer to the set of layer 1 and layer 2 specifications for a WLAN.

The first version was released in 1997, and 6 different versions have been brought since then. — 1) 802.11a, 2) 802.11b, 3) 802.11g, 4) 802.11n, 5) 802.11ac, and 6) 802.11ad

Collectively these standards are known as wireless fidelity (WI-FI).

All these standards are similar in 3 aspects:

They use half-duplex signaling. That means a device can either transmit or receive, but not perform both simultaneously.
They all use 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands.
Layer 2 medium access control method is called CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance).

MIMO — Multiple Input Multiple Output

Published in Networks & Security

·Jul 26, 2021

Wireless association: active vs passive scanning, & roaming

What is Association? — In wireless networks, association means wireless devices register with an AP/router to get access to the network. Association happens only in infrastructure mode, not in Ad Hoc mode. To establish this association, a wireless device uses scanning methods to find an AP/router. ACTIVE SCANNING A wireless device broadcasts a probe signal to…

Cybersecurity

3 min read

Wireless association: active vs passive scanning, & roaming

Published in Networks & Security

·Jul 25, 2021

Wireless LAN: WAP, BSS, BSSID, SSID, ESS, & ESSID

WLAN is a network in which devices are communicating wirelessly with each other in a defined area. The WLAN is ultimately connected to a wired network. WAP A Wireless access point or simply called an access point accepts a wireless signal from multiple devices and retransmits them to the rest of…

Cybersecurity

2 min read

Wireless LAN: WAP, BSS, BSSID, SSID, ESS, & ESSID

WAN topologies: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tiered

MPLS — Multiprotocol Label Switching (2.5 layer protocol)

Bandwidth, throughput, and speed

Difference between Ethernet and Wi-Fi

DSSS — Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum

FHSS — Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

WI-FI (2.4GHz vs 5GHz bands)

The Evolution of IEEE 802 11 standards — BAG NAC

The Evolution of IEEE 802 11 standards — BAG NAC

Wireless association: active vs passive scanning, & roaming

Wireless LAN: WAP, BSS, BSSID, SSID, ESS, & ESSID

Geeky much!