And how to be more secure!! Ransomware — — — 100k+ types of ransomware incidents (back in 2013) — — -82% include lateral movement. What do attackers do? — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1) Initial Access → 2) Credential compromisation of a…

We’ll look at how different WAN sites are connected to each other. Topology belongs to the layer 1 domain of the OSI model. WAN topologies are similar to LAN topologies but with little differences. WAN topologies cover a larger area, have a larges user base. The connection links between WAN…

I have posted about Circuit Switching & Packet Switching — I’ll link them at them bottom. Do give it a read, if you’re unfamiliar. Let’s look at an example to understand how IP packets travel over the internet — Suppose, an IP packet is sent from Mumbai to Kansas. Let’s assume the destination IP to be 202.35.109.56 As it travels over the internet, many routers…

Don’t use these words interchangeably like the average Joe. Bandwidth It refers to the maximum amount of data transfer per second. Usage in a sentence: Gigabit Ethernet provides a bandwidth up to 1 Gbps. In this case it means the capability of the connection. But, bandwidth also means a range of…

To tell any two modes of communication, the 2 layers of the OSI model of importance are the Physical Layer (I) and the Data Link Layer (II). Generally, these layers determine the level of speed, reliability and security. Physical Layer is about signaling format, topology, and media of transmission. Topology…

DSSS is one of the most popular modulation and transmission methods in wireless communications. FHSS — Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum When you listen to your favorite radio station or watch your favorite TV channel, you tune-in to a specific channel…medium.com Just like FHSS, DSSS also uses spread spectrum technology. The concept of spread spectrum — narrow band signals are intentionally spread over a much wider band.

When you listen to your favorite radio station or watch your favorite TV channel, you tune-in to a specific channel. This is a traditional narrow-band radio and TV communications. 3 problems arise with this type of communication: Interference Jamming Interception In wireless communication, interference and jamming slow down the transmission…

2.4GHz band — The 2.4GHz band frequency ranges from 2.4GHz-2.4835GHz and is used by 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g. The band is divided into 14 fixed-frequency channels, each being 20MHz wide. The gap between adjacent channels is 5MHz wide, and these channels have many overlaps. Thus, only 3 channels can be active at the same…

IEEE standards refer to the set of layer 1 and layer 2 specifications for a WLAN. The first version was released in 1997, and 6 different versions have been brought since then. — 1) 802.11a, 2) 802.11b, 3) 802.11g, 4) 802.11n, 5) 802.11ac, and 6) 802.11ad Collectively these standards are known as wireless fidelity (WI-FI). All these standards are similar in 3 aspects: They use half-duplex signaling. That means a device can either transmit or receive, but not perform both simultaneously.